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I really mean wasted. As over development. Including watering grass areas like golf courses or similar owned by those with known "political connections"..... I am an Ecologist (BS degree UCLA Biology department ) and a resource manager (MS Humboldt State U. department of Natural Resource...

Are both hydrometers standardized at the same temperature? I ask, as looking at Amazon (you did not give brand names so I simply looked at hydrometers within each price range), the cheaper one I found was standardized ?? (it did not say) and the expensive one was standardized at 20°C. If (big...

I can not condense many years of knowledge and experience into a forum post. Other than to say, I had to learn by experience when to do things and when not to do things to get good results. It is like an apprenticeship. It takes time and experience. Much like learning to play the piano. You can...

Do you want to create a modern "spontaneous" wine or a traditional wine? Important question. Doing it "natural" or "spontaneous", traditionally, is something perfected over a few centuries of wine making experience. If you want to do it traditionally. One will not really learn how to do it...

Yes, there is some sediment transfer. A bit after the primary. But I even find this trivial. It may seem like a lot. But really, it is trivial compared to what will drop out of the wine in the next few months so I do not worry about it. When I rack again, almost nothing gets out (yes a...

Desalinization takes a lot of energy. Only really today practical in energy rich and very dry areas, such as the Middle East. All others areas, today, not really worth it. There is actually a lot of fresh water in Europe. A lot of it is simply wasted in modern societies.

Yes. Speidel makes them both in plastic and stainless steel. For example (for information only, not a referral or suggesting purchase from this company): https://www.norcalbrewingsolutions.com/store/Speidel-Fermenter-OEM-Stainless-Steel-Spigot.html

I mentioned this in a prior post. NSF regulations are complicated. NSF is not really clear to those except food industry professionals and corporate lawyers. Here is more specific information from Rubbermaid at their search engine for such info (even it seems clear at first, but... still not...

Addendum: To help with maybe some confusion and to prevent arguments here, many of these "flexible" plastics like rubbermaid bins may contain BPA (an acronym for Bisphenol A) or other chemicals. And BPA, yes, is a problem for many. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A But you can decide...

I already posted about this in my comment. I there only suggested you look it up. Sadly, you were too lazy to look it up, or if you did -- fully understand it, and simply selected to say I was making it up. Side note: Simply being able to buy something has no bearing on fit for purpose...

:rolleyes: Your towel also came from a store.... I did not mention first cleaning and washing even a thin cloth before use in the wine making process as I thought that was obvious to any thinking person. So groping to find any relevance to your above comment. Edit: Maybe you did not...

Have you considered what type of microbiological community is living in that beach towel, no matter how times you wash it? Versus, say, a "proper" lid? As a biologist, I can attest, your small belly button has a huge microbiotic community. That beach towel is of many orders of magnitude larger...

First of all, I use the more expensive barrels, and there are many models, and some are quite tall. So "low and wide" alone is not really descriptive. Mine are tall and wide but that makes them also hold more. Mine go up to typically 300 L each. If you make more wine of one variety, then getting...

Can you show a photo of the other side of the leaf? That would help differentiate between powder, versus downy mildew, versus black rot, versus grey mold, etc. They need different treatments controls in many cases for best results. Also your basic climate and location as different diseases are...

To assuage any concerns you might have: My main flaw is I am often overly pedantic. ;)

Interesting comment. Over almost two decades of vineyard management (not to mention a BS in ecology and MS in resource management), I have found the insect pest load each year is rather much more complex. Some years, it is easily attributed to environmental issues and easy to mange. But some...

I use an alternate, field based approach. Or basic wait and rest approach. Easier and cheaper than a sorting table, and less problematic than a simple dump and crush. Works fine so far.** https://stcoemgen.com/2013/09/11/gardeners-friend-winemakers-horror/ As with most of life issues, there...

Other internet based services have also been suspended here over the years. For example (only one example, there are others): https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-hungary-exit-idUSKCN0ZT0RS It can be difficult to do business here. The government bureaucracy here is very thick. Lived here a...

In Hungary, where I live, this is regulated by the government. They require network enabled, approved, POS devices so they can monitor and verify they are getting the government 27% VAT cut of the sale.....

I live in Europe. And the local government where I live has forbidden irrigation of gardens etc to conserve water because of the drought. So it is rather complicated. So irrigation is only your friend if allowed..... :( I agree that Europe needs to invest in infrastructure for irrigation. But...