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Like anything else there is no single answer to any of thes questions.
With freeze damage, you can get a rough idea of bud damage by taking representative canes in the fruiting zone to sample. Bring them inside and let them thaw and get to room temp for 24 hours. Taking a razor blade, cut the bud on a 45 deg angle all the way through. You are looking for green tissue inside a bit. If green, it is alive. If it is brown it is dead. Sample 100 buds for reliability counting live and dead. That gives you percentage of injury. LTE50 is the temperature where 50% primary bud kill can be expected. If you have greater than 50% bud kill, you can also expect trunk damage and they may need replacing.
Replacement canes and trunks can be obtained fairly quickly if the vine is more than two or three years old since the root system is intact and will push replacements quickly. The problem there is they are fairly susceptible the following winter and may be damaged at lower than expected temps.
I am at the point where if I have over 50% kill, the vines will be replaced with varieties that will withstand colder temps.
With freeze damage, you can get a rough idea of bud damage by taking representative canes in the fruiting zone to sample. Bring them inside and let them thaw and get to room temp for 24 hours. Taking a razor blade, cut the bud on a 45 deg angle all the way through. You are looking for green tissue inside a bit. If green, it is alive. If it is brown it is dead. Sample 100 buds for reliability counting live and dead. That gives you percentage of injury. LTE50 is the temperature where 50% primary bud kill can be expected. If you have greater than 50% bud kill, you can also expect trunk damage and they may need replacing.
Replacement canes and trunks can be obtained fairly quickly if the vine is more than two or three years old since the root system is intact and will push replacements quickly. The problem there is they are fairly susceptible the following winter and may be damaged at lower than expected temps.
I am at the point where if I have over 50% kill, the vines will be replaced with varieties that will withstand colder temps.