Continued
Production [
Sherry barrels aging.
The original reason for fortifying wine was to preserve it, since
ethanol is a natural
antiseptic. Even though other preservation methods now exist, fortification continues to be used because the process can add distinct flavors to the finished product.
[citation needed]
Although grape brandy is most commonly added to produce fortified wines, the additional alcohol may also be
neutral spirit that has been distilled from grapes, grain,
sugar beets, or
sugarcane. Regional
appellation laws may dictate the types of spirit that are permitted for fortification.
The source of the additional alcohol and the method of its distillation can affect the flavor of the fortified wine. If
neutral spirit is used, it will usually have been produced with a
continuous still, rather than a
pot still.
[2]
When added to wine before the
fermentation process is complete, the alcohol in the distilled beverage kills the
yeast and leaves
residual sugar behind. The end result is a wine that is both sweeter and stronger, normally containing about 20%
alcohol by volume (ABV).
During the
fermentation process, yeast cells in the
must continue to convert sugar into alcohol until the must reaches an alcohol level of 16%–18%. At this level, the alcohol becomes
toxic to the yeast and kills it. If fermentation is allowed to run to completion, the resulting wine will (in most cases) be low in sugar and will be considered a dry wine. The earlier in the fermentation process that alcohol is added, the sweeter the resulting wine will be. For drier fortified wine styles, such as
sherry, the alcohol is added shortly before or after the end of the fermentation.
In the case of some fortified wine styles (such as
late harvest and
botrytized wines), a naturally high level of sugar will inhibit the yeast. This causes fermentation to stop before the wine can become dry.
[2]
Mistelle [
Mistelle (
Italian:
mistella;
French:
mistelle;
Spanish,
Portuguese,
Galician and
Catalan:
mistela, from
Latin mixtella/mixtvm "mix") is sometimes used as an ingredient in fortified wines, particularly
Vermouth,
Marsala and
Sherry, though it is used mainly as a base for
apéritifs such as the French
Pineau des Charentes.
[3] It is produced by adding alcohol to non-fermented or partially
fermented grape juice.
[4] The addition of alcohol stops the fermentation and, as a consequence Mistelle is sweeter than fully fermented grape juice in which the sugars turn to alcohol.
[5]
Varieties [
Madeira wine
Madeira wineMain article: Madeira wine
Madeira is a fortified wine made in the
Madeira Islands. The wine is produced in a variety of styles ranging from dry wines which can be consumed on their own as an
aperitif, to
sweet wines more usually consumed with
dessert.
Marsala wine [
Main article:
Marsala wine
Marsala wine is a wine from
Sicily that is available in both fortified and unfortified versions.
[6] It was first produced in 1772 by an English merchant, John Woodhouse, as an inexpensive substitute for sherry and port,
[7] and gets its name from the island's port,
Marsala.
[6] The fortified version is blended with
brandy to make two styles, the younger, slightly weaker
Fine, which is at least 17%
abv and aged at least four months; and the
Superiore, which is at least 18%, and aged at least two years. The unfortified Marsala wine is aged in wooden casks for five years or more and reaches a strength of 18% by
evaporation.
[6]
Port wine [
Main article:
Port wine
Port wine (also known simply as Port) is a fortified wine from the
Douro Valley in the
northern provinces of
Portugal.
[8] It is typically a
sweet red wine, but also comes in dry, semi-dry and white varieties.
Sherry [
A degustation of
sherries